iT-h-l @@@ @@@@ hZK_>-dd -p EN DB -t .WgS & 4* >x w C      +   ` N 6n Gill1990tl Lin1992u Sato19681y$ UU ~0New rence library:T~lS}(}(_}_``ooppbbRR@R0QQR@H.JGWDLnN^NuNVH(nJ.g>p-@-@=lBn-@BnUHnpNHHJ_gp`B9n)n0.,0B,p)@ BlU/ pNHxJ_f)G0 , fp`pLN^Nu/h Sato1997@zSaunders1984 Savage1997e Schlanger19641 Schlanger1981 Schmidt1956( Schmincke1986 Schneider1991 Scholl1989 Scholl19919 Scholz1995{Schubert1984 Sclater1977 Sclater1993 Scotese1988o Scott1980 Seales1992 Sedwick1993 Seibold1996 Sengoku1998 Seno1989` Seno1993 Seno1993i Severinghaus1993` Shafiqullah1983- Shanks III1993j Sharaskin1982 Shearer1992 Shearer1993 Shearer1998 Shih1991| Shinohara1998 Shipley1992 Shipley1993" Shipley1993p Shor19922j Shozuni1993 Shreve1996 Silva1993 Silver1988 Silver1991. Silver1994G Silver1996. Silver2000( Simon1986 Sinton1983 Sinton19833 Sinton1987/ Sinton20002 Slither1993# Smith1989 Smith1990 Smith1990: Smith1991 Smoot1983 Smoot1983 Smoot1984 Smoot1984 Smoot1984 Smoot1984 Smoot1985 Smoot1988l Smoot1989m Smoot1989 Smoot1990 Smoot1990 Smoot1991~ Smoot1992 Smoot1997 Smoot1998 Soh1991 Soh19984 Spadea1995a Spakman1991% Spencer1993 Spencer1999 Stark1964# Staudigel1989: Staudigel1991H Stein1992H Stein1992 Stein1993 Stein1993 Stein1993 Stein1994 Steiner1992R Stern1983 Stern1983 Stern1984l Stern1984E Stern1986~ Stern1986l Stern1989m Stern1989 stern1989 Stern1989 Stern1990 Stern1990  Stern1991 Stern1992n Stern1993 Stern1995 Stern1996 Stern1996 Stern1997 Stern1998 Stern1998 Stern1998% Stern1998. Stern19980 Stern1998 Stern1998 Stern2000o Stern2001[Stoffers1990& Stolper1994 Stolper2000( Stolper2000% Storey19933? Straub1997 Stuart19969 Stben19966 Stben1998 Sudoh1993 Sun1998 Sun1998o Sun2001` Sutter1983Suyehiro1996 |Suyehiro19988 Sykes1969 Taibi1998 Taira1987 Taira1991! Taira1998 Tajima1998 Takahashi1996| Takahashi1998 Takahashi1998O Takahashi1999Takenaka19997Takigami19838 Tamaki1982 Tamaki1985  Tamaki1988n Tamaki1990 Tamaki19929Z Tamaki19959 Tanaka19833W Tanaka19999 Tanakadate1940a Tararin1987 Tarney1982 Tarney19822z Tarney19848 Tatsumi1992 Taylor19829 Taylor1983{ Taylor1984C Taylor1990D Taylor19900 Taylor1990 Taylor1991 Taylor19911 Taylor1991 Taylor1992) Taylor1992J Taylor1992 Taylor1994 Taylor1994 Taylor19955 Taylor1995 Taylor19955 Taylor1998 Taylor1999{ Taylor1999p Taylor200103 Tera1986 Tera19991 Terman1957 M Tharp19732 Tharp1974 Thierry1994Thompson1992 Tindle1984Tokuyama19877Tokuyama19911Tomiyama1997Torresan1989 Tracey1964 Treuil1982G Tsuya1936 Tsuya1937 Turner2000 Ueda1984"^ Umino1985 Underwood1995 Urabe1990L Uto1998 Uyeda1977 Uyeda1979 Uyeda1982h Uyeda1982; Vail1987( Valley200000 Vallier1983 Van Couvering1985 Van der Hilst1991 Van der Hilst1993 van der Hilst1998  Van der Hilst1999 van der Hilst1999 Van Der Laan1992 Van Waasbergen1993a Vasil'yev1987 Veen1994Vervoort1999  Vidal1994 Vidal1994 Vidale1992. 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Smoot 1990("Mariana Trough by Multi-Beam SonarGeo-Marine Letters10137-144 Smoot, N.C. 19904-Mariana Trough morphology by multi-beam sonarGeo-Marine Letters10137-144 Smoot, N.C. 1991b[The Mariana Trench convergent margin at the Magellan Seamounts: Tectonics and Geomorphology00)Marine Technology Society '91 ProceedingsX1 85-91dSmoot, N.C. King, R.E. 1992rkThree-dimensional secondary surface geomorphology of submarine landslides on northwest Pacific plate guyotsv Geomorphology6151-1740 Smoot, N.C. 1997Aligned aseismic buoyant highs, across-trench deformation, clustered volcanoes, and deep earthquakes are not aligned with plate tectonic theory Geomorphology18199-222sZ\&NAtFEnxuQlFm,%Bloomer, S.H. Stern, R.J. Smoot, N.C.[ 1989D>Physical volcanology of the submarine Mariana and Volcano ArcsBull. Volcanol.u51210-22482Bloomer, S.H. Stern, R.J. Fisk, E. Geschwind, C.H. 1989tmShoshonitic Volcanism in the Northern Mariana Arc. 1. Mineralogic and Major and Trace Element CharacteristicseJ. Geophys. Res.94 4469-44964-Bloomer, S.H. Taylor, B. MacLeod, C.J. et al. 1995haEarly Arc volcanism and the Ophiolite problem: A perspective from drilling in the Western Pacific Taylor, B. Natland, J.@9Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western Pacific Washington D.C. American Geophysical Union 67-96dBodine, J.H. Watts, A.B. 1979HAOn Lithospheric Flexure seaward of the Bonin and Mariana TrenchesaEarth Planet. Sci. Lett.43132-148Bowman, J.R. Ando, M. 1987TNShear-wave splitting in the upper-mantle wedge above the Tonga subduction zone"Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc.88 25-41\PBS Record: 780<5Brudzinski, M.R. Chen, W.-P. Nowack, R.L. Huang, B.S.i 1997]Variations of P wave speeds in the mantle transition zone beneath the northern Philippine SeaiJ. Geophys. Res. 102 6t 11,815-11,827eF@American Geophysical Union. Washington, DC, United States. 1997..'Bryant, C.J. Arculus, R.J. Eggins, S.M. 1999|Laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and tephras: A new approach to understanding arc-magma genesisGeology27 1119-1122 Burns, L.E. 1995zsThe Border Ranges ultramafic and mafic complex, south-central Alaska: cumulate fractionates of island-arc volcanicsCan. J. Earth Sci.22 1020-1038 Byrne, T. 1979@:Late Paleocene demise of the Kula-Pacific spreading centerGeology7341-344 Carlson, R.L. Melia, P.J.  1984 Subduction hinge migrationTectonophysics 181399-411,%Carlson, R.L. Mortera-Gutierrez, C.A.1 1990@:Subduction hinge migration along the Izu-Bonin-Mariana ArcTectonophysics 181d331-344*#Castillo, P. Batiza, R. Stern, R.J. 1986Petrology and geochemistry of Nauru Basin igneous complex: Large-volume, off-ridge eruptions of MORB-like basalt during the Cretaceous ("Moberly, R. Schlanger, S.O. et al.60Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Washington D.C. "U. S. Gov't. Printing Office89555-576.'Castillo, P.R. Carlson, R.W. Batiza, R. 1991XQOrigin of Nauru Basin igneous complex: Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope and REE constraints Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 103200-2132,Castillo, P.R. Floyd, P.A. France-Lanord, C. 1992~wIsotope geochemistry of Leg 129: Implications for the origin of the widespread Cretaceous volcanic event in the Pacific & Larson, R.L. Lancelot, Y. et al.D=Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project, Scientific Resultsn College Station, TX Ocean Drilling Project 129n405-4130)Castillo, P.R. Pringle, M.S Carlson, R.W. 1994tnEast Mariana Basin tholeiites: Cretaceous intraplate basalts or rift basalts related to the Ontong Java plume? Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.` 123139-154 Castle, J.C. Creager, K.C. 1998yTopography of the 660-km seismic discontinuity beneath Izu-Bonin: Implications for tectonic history and slab deformationtJ. Geophys. Res. 103a 12,511-12,527F@American Geophysical Union. Washington, DC, United States. 1998. Castle, J.C. Creager, K.C. 1999LEA steeply dipping discontinuity in the lower mantle beneath Izu-BoninJ. Geophys. Res. 104 7279-729260Channell, J.T. Erba, E. Nakanishi, M. Tamaki, K. 1995ZTLate Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time scales and oceanic magnetic anomaly block models <5Berggren, W. A. Kent, D.V. Aubry, M.-P. Hardenbol, J.F?Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation Tulsa SEPM Special Publication54 51-63 Chase, C.G.P 1978D>Extension behind Island Arcs and Motions relative to Hot Spots&Journal of Geophysical Research83 B11 5385-5387 Chaussidon, M. Jambon, A. 1994leBoron content and isotopic composition of oceanic basalts: Geochemical and cosmochemical implicationsEarth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121277-291{.'Chiu, J.-M. Isaaks, B.L. Cardwell, R.K. 1991HA3-D configuration of subducted lithosphere in the western Pacific(!Geophysical Journal International 1060 99-111Xv P/&}P) <7" Katsumata, M. Sykes, L.R. 1969f`Seismicity and tectonics of the western Pacific: Izu-Mariana-Caroline and Ryukyu-Taiwan regionsJ. Geophys. Res.74 5923-5948pF@American Geophysical Union. Washington, DC, United States. 1969.Kawate, S. Arima, M. 1998ztPetrogenesis of the Tazawa plutonic complex, central Japan: Exposed felsic middle crust of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arcThe Island Arc7342-358 Kay, R.W. 1980xrVolcanic arc magmas: Implications of a melting-mixing model for element recycling in the crust-upper mantle systemJournal of Geology88497-522F?Keating, B.H. Mattey, D.P. Helsley, C.E. Naughton, J.J. Epp, D." 1984<6Evidence for a Hot Spot Origin of the Caroline Islands&Journal of Geophysical Research89 9937-9948 Kent, D.V. Gradstein, F.M. 1985.'A Cretaceous and Jurassic geochronology,&Geological Society of America Bulletin96 1419-1427Klaus, A. Taylor, B. 1991leSubmarine canyon development in the Izu-Bonin forearcc: A SeaMARC II and Seismic Survey of Aoga ShimaMarine Geophys. Res.13131-152V@9Klaus, A. Taylor, B. Moore, G.F. Murakami, F. Okamura, Y. 1992hbBack-arc rifting in the Izu-Bonin Island Arc: Structural evolution of Hachijo and Aoga Shima riftsThe Island Arc1h 16-31("Kobayashi, K. Kasuga, S. Okino, K. 1995$Shikoku Basin and Its Margins  Taylor, B..'Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism New York  Plenum Press381-405 2,Kotake, Y. Kato, T. Miyazaki, S. Sengoku, A. 1998Relative motion of the Philippine Sea Plate derived from GPS observations and tectonics of the south-western Japan (in Japanese)$Zisin, J. Seismol. Soc., Jap.51171-180W Lange, K. 1992voAuswertung eines weitwinkelreflexions- und refraktionsseismischen Profils im suedlichen Marianen Backarc BeckenInstitut fur Geophysik Hamburg  Hamburg U. DiplomarbeitLarson, R.L. Chase, C.G. 1972:4Late Mesozoic evolution of the western Pacific OceanGeol. Soc. Am. Bull.83 3627-3644Larson, E.E. Reynolds, R.L. Merrill, R. Levi, S. Ozima, M. Aoki, Y. Kinoshita, H. Zasshu, S. Kawai, N. Nakajima, T. Hirooka, K. 1975haMajor-element Petrochemistry of some Extrusive Rocks from the Volcanically Active Mariana Islands[Bull. Volcanol.38361-377 Larson, R.L. 1991F?Latest pulse of Earth: Evidence for a mid-Cretaceous superplumeGeology19547-550^60Larson, R.L. Steiner, M.B. Erba, E. Lancelot, Y. 1992rkPaleolatitudes and Tectonic Reconstructions of the Oldest Portion of the Pacific Plate: A Comparative Study & Larson, R.L. Lancelot, Y. et al.D=Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results College Station, TX 129-615-631n"S.L. LaTraille D.M. Hussongd 19806/Crustal structure across the Mariana Island Arc  D.E. HayeshbThe Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands. Geophysical Monograph 23  Washington DCh American Geophysical Union209-2212Lay, T. 1994,&Structure and Fate of Subducting Slabs  San Diego Academic Press 185 p.Le Pichon, X. Iiyama, T. Chamley, H. Faure, M. Fujimoto, H. Furuta, T. Ida, Y. Kagami, H. Lalemant, S, Leggett, J. Murata, A. Okada, H. Rangin, C. Renard, V. Taira, A. Tokuyama, H. 1987\VThe eastern and western ends of Nankai Trough, results of Box 5 and Box 7 Kaiko survey Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.a83199-213,%Le Pichon, X. Henry, P. Lallemant, S. 1993D=Accretion and erosion in subduction zones: The role of fluidsP4.Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences21307-331dL62gz0Fq z*"D. M. Hussong John B. Sinton 1983ZSSeismicity associated with Back-Arc crustal spreading in the Central Mariana Trough  D.E. HayesNGThe Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands Washington D.C. American Geophysical Union217-235$Hyndman, R.D. Klemperer, S.L. 1989rlLower-crustal porosity from electrical measurements and inferences about composition from seismic velocitiesGeophys. Res. Lett.16255-258NIidaka, T. Furukawa, Y. 1994PIDouble seismic zone for deep earthquakes in the Izu-Bonin subduction zoneaSciencep 263  5150 1116-1118F`YAmerican Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington, DC, United States. 1994.4Iidaka, T. Obara, K. 1995`YShear-wave polarization anisotropy in the mantle wedge above the subducting Pacific platen Tectonophys. 249O 53-68OPBS Record: 820}Iizasa, K. Fiske, R.S. Ishizuka, O. Yuasa, M. Hashimoto, J. Ishibashi, J. Naka, J. Horii, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Imai, A. Koyama, S. 1999PIA Kuroko-type polymetallic sulfide deposit in a submarine silicic calderaScience 283975-977Ikeda, Y. Yuasa, M.0 1989Volcanism in nascent back-arc basins behind the Shichito Ridge and adjacent areas in the Izu-Ogasawara arc, northwest Pacific: Evidence for mixing between E-type MORB and island arc magmas at the initiation of back-arc rifting Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.P 101377-393:4Ikeda, Y. Nagao, K. Stern, R.J. Yuasa, M. Newman, S. 1998ZTNoble gases in pillow basalt glasses from the northern Mariana Trough back-arc basinThe Island Arc7471-478T. Ishihara T. Yamazaki0 1991PJGravity anomalies over the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) and northern Mariana ArcsBull. Geol. Surv. Japan 42687-701P Ishii, T. 1985jdDredged samples from the Ogasawara fore-arc seamount of "Ogasawara Paleoland" - "Fore-arc Ophiolite" Nasu, N. et al. (!Formation of Active Ocean Marginsd TokyoP "Terra Scientific Publishing307-342X4.Ishii, T. Robinson, P.T. Maekawa, H. Fiske, R. 1992|vPetrological studies of peridotites from diapiric Serpentinite Seamounts in the Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana forearc, Leg 125 0*Fryer, P. Pearce, J. Stokking, L.B. et al.D=Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Project, Scientific Results College Stationd Ocean Drilling Program 125445-485 Ishikawa, T. Nakamura, E.  1994^XOrigin of the slab component in arc lavas from across-arc variation of B and Pb isotopes Nature 370h205-208cIshikawa, T. Tera, F.z 1999Two isotopically distinct fluid components involved in the Mariana Arc; evidence from Nb/B ratios and B, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematicsGeology27 83-86ZTNb/B ratios and delta (super 11) B values of Mariana lavas reveal the involvement of two isotopically distinct slab-derived fluids in the magma genesis. The evidence of one type of fluid is observed in lavas of the islands of Anatahan, Alamagan, Agrigan, and Uracas, in which simple mixing between fluid with very homogeneous delta (super 11) B values (+5.40 per mil+ or -0.05 per mil) and the mantle wedge controls the magma compositions. In lavas of the islands of Guguan, Asuncion, and Pagan, however, the fluids that mixed with the mantle wedge are significantly heterogeneous in delta (super 11) B (+5.4 per mil to +7.6 per mil) even within a single island. The compositional difference between these two types of fluid can result from different ratios of sediment to altered oceanic crust (AOC) in the slabs, and this hypothesis is consistent with the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data. We propose that the variable isotope compositions of the latter fluid may be derived from local changes in sediment/AOC ratios of the slab that are caused by subduction of the Magellan seamounts beneath the Mariana arc.Ishizaka, K. Yanagi, T.0 1977K, Rb, and Sr abundances and Sr isotopic composition of the Tanzawa granitic and associated gabbroic rocks, Japan: Low-potash island arc plutonic complexEarth Planet. Sci. Lett.33345-352Q81Ishizuka, O. Uto, K. Yuasa, M. Hochstaedter, A.G. 1998TNK-Ar ages from seamount chains in the back-arc region of the Izu-Ogasawara arcThe Island Arc7d408-421F.g8*VtWte|- l.(Alt, J.C. Shanks III, W.C. Jackson, M.C. 1993voCycling of sulfur in subduction zones; the geochemistry of sulfur in the Mariana island arc and back-arc troughxEarth Planet. Sci. Lett. 119477-494 The sulfur contents and sulfur isotopic compositions of 24 glassy submarine volcanics from the Mariana Island Arc and back-arc Mariana Trough were determined in order to investigate the hypothesis that subducted seawater sulfur (delta (super 34) S=21per mil) is recycled through arc volcanism. Our results for sulfur are similar to those for subaerial arc volcanics: Mariana Arc glasses are enriched in (super 34) S (delta (super 34) S=up to 10.3per mil, mean=3.8per mil) and depleted in S (20-290 ppm, mean=100 ppm) relative to MORB (850 ppm S, delta (super 34) S=0.1+ or -0.5per mil). The back-arc trough basalts contain 200-930 ppm S and have delta (super 34) S values of 1.1+ or -0.5per mil, which overlap those for the arc and MORB. The low sulfur contents of the arc and some of the trough glasses are attributed to (1) early loss of small amounts of sulfur through separation of immiscible sulfide and (2) later vapor-melt equilibrium control of sulfur contents and loss of sulfur in a vapor phase from sulfide-undersaturated melts near the minimum in sulfur solubility at fO (sub 2) nearly equal NNO (nickel-nickel oxide). Although these processes removed sulfur from the melts their effects onthe sulfur isotopic compositions of the melts were minimal. Positive trends of delta (super 34) S with (super 87) Sr/ (super 86) Sr, LILE and LREE contents of the arc volcanics are consistent with a metasomatic seawater sulfur component in the depleted sub-arc mantle source. The lack of a (super 34) S-rich slab signature in the trough lavas may be attributed to equilibration of metasomatic fluid with mantle material along the longer pathway from the slab to the source of the trough volcanics. Sulfur is likely to have been transported into the mantle wedge by metasomatic fluid derived from subducted sediments and pore fluids. Gases extracted from vesicles in arc and back-arc samples are predominantly H (sub 2) O, with minor CO (sub 2) and traces of H (sub 2) S and SO (sub 2) . CO (sub 2) in the arc and back-arc rocks has delta (super 13) C values of -2.1 to -13.1per mil, similar to MORB. These data suggest that degassing of CO (sub 2) could explain the slightly lower delta (super 13) C values for some Mariana Trough volcanic glasses, and that incorporation of subduction-derived organic carbon into the Mariana Trough mantle source may not be necessary. More analyses are required to resolve this question, however. Ambos, E.L. 1984haApplications of Ocean Bottom Seismometer data to the study of forearc and transform fault systems University of Hawaii Ph.D. 275pp.R. N. Anderson 1975.'Heat flow in the Mariana marginal basinYJ. Geophys. Res.80 4043-4048Anderson, D.L. 1989Theory of the Earthn Cambridge, Mass. Blackwell Scientific 366t("Ando, M. Ishikawa, Y. Yamazaki, F. 1983RLShear wave polarization anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Honshu, JapanJ. Geophys. Res.88 5850-5864oPBS Record: 1081Aramaki, S. Oshima, S. Ono, K. Sudoh, S. Itoh, J. 1993"Rocks of Kozushima volcano.sd]Characterization of Volcanic rocks in Izu Islands: Data set for Prevention of Volcanic Hazard $Tokyo Metropolitan Government 7-29Aramaki, S. Itoh, J. 1993Rocks of Niijima volcanob\Characterization of Volcanic rocks in Izu Islands: Dat set for Prevention of Volcanic Hazard \UBureau of General Affair, Disaster Prevention Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Governmentc 31-45iD=Asahara, Y. Tanaka, T. Kamioka, H. Nishimura. A. Yamazaki, T. 1999Provenance of the north Pacific sediments and processes of source material transport as derived from Rb-Sr isotopic systematicsChemical Geology 158d271-291 HBAtwater, T. Sclater, J. Sandwell, D. Severinghaus, J. Marlow, M.S. 1993jcFracture Zone Traces across the North Pacific Cretaceous Quiet Zone and their Tectonic Implications 60Pringle, M.S. Sager, W.W. Sliter, W.V. Stein, S.>7The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics, and Volcanism. Washington D.C American Geophysical Union137-1546/Baker, N.P. Fryer, P. Martinez, F. Yamazaki, T. 1996`YRifting History of the northern Mariana Trough: SEAMARC II and seismic reflection surveys&Journal of Geophysical Research 101 11,427-11,455d Bartolini, A. Larson, R.L. 2001VPPacific microplate and the Pangea supercontinent in the Early to Middle JurassicGeologyh29735-738 Beck, M.E. 1983LEOn the mechanism of tectonic transport in zones of oblique subductionTectonophysics88 1-11 Bellaiche, G. 1980Sedimentation and structure of the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) Trench off Tokyo: New lights on the results of a diving campaign with the Bathyscape "Archimede"cEarth Planet. Sci. Lett.47124-130Bergersen, D.D.^ 1993PJGeology and Geomorphology of Wodejebato (Sylvania) Guyot, Marshall Islands 60Pringle, M.S. Sager, W.W. Sliter, W.V. Stein, S.>7The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics, and Volcanism. Washington, D.C. American Geophysical Union367-385@9Berggren, W.A. Kent, D.V. Flynn, J.J. Van Couvering, J.A. 1985Cenozoic geochronology,&Geological Society of America Bulletin96 1407-1418(!L.D. Bibee G. G. Shor Jr. R.S. Lu 19800)Inter-arc spreading in the Mariana Trough Marine Geol.35183-197Bird, P. 1978JDStress and temperature in subduction shear zones: Tonga and Mariana.<5Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical SocietyX55411-434dU. Bleil 1982lfPaleomagnetism of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 60 sediments and igneous rocks from the Mariana region "D.M. Hussong S. Uyeda et al.>8Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 60 Washington D.C.x $U.S. Govenment Printing Office855-873 S.H. Bloomer J.W. Hawkins 1983TNGabbroic and ultramafic rocks from the Mariana Trench: An Island Arc ophiolite  D. E. HayesrpjThe Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands: Part 2. Geophysical Monograph 27 Washington D.C. American Geophysical Union294-317 Bloomer, S.H. 1983Distribution and origin of igneous rocks from the landward slopes of the Mariana Trench: Implications for its structure and evolution@J. Geophys. Res.88 7411-7428"Bloomer, S.H. Hawkins, J.W. 1987ZTPetrology and geochemistry of boninite series volcanic rocks from the Mariana Trench Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 97361-377Z0Lindberg19839 Lipman19899ULithgow-Bertelloni1996 Liu1979y Lizarralde1999qLonsdale1990g Lu19800 Ludwig1968 Ludwig19686A Lupton1978? M.1991o, Macdougall1984j Macdougall1987q Macdougall1990[ Mackay19900 MacLeod1995/ Macpherson2000jg Maekawa1992j Maekawa1993 Maekawa1995 Maekawa1995L Mahoney1991% Mahoney1993 Marlow1992 Marlow1993szMarriner1984 Marsaglia1995 Marsh1982Marson-Pidgeon1997> Martin1984 Martin19911Martinez1995Martinez1996Martinez1996 Martinez2000  Marty1998 Masters1992: Matsuhisa1979G Mattey1982 < Mattey19844/ Mattey20002MMatthews19732Matthews1974 May1964 McCaffrey1996r McCulloch1991< McDermott1991FMcDonald1948 y McGeary1999rMcKenzie1988McMurtry1993- McNutt1987 ' McNutt1990 McNutt1993g Meen1998U Meijer1976= Meijer1981 Meijer1982] Meijer1983` Meijer1983\ Meijer1984Melchior1985 Melia1984$ Menard1964u& Menard19845 Menard1984 Merrill1975 Meyer19913 Middleton1986Mitchell1995 Mitchell1998Miyazaki1998  Mochizuki1997 Molnar1978 v Mooney1995nMoorbath1998  Moore1989[ Moore1990 Moore1991) Moore19921Moriguti1998 Morimoto19703 Morris1986 Morris1990E Morris1990r Morris1990 Morris1991Mortera-Gutierrez1990N Moss1999e Mottl1992 Mottl1995k Mottl1997# Mottle1999 Mrozowski1980 Mrozowski1982 Muenow1979Murakami1991 Murakami1991 3Murakami1992)Murakami1992 Murakami1993Murakami1998 Murasaki1992 Murata19877Murauchi1968 Murton19929 Murton19922s Mutter19920 Nagao1998 Naka19988q Naka1999Nakajima19755Nakajima19982Nakamura1994 1Nakamura1998 Nakamura1998Nakamura2001t  Nakanishi1992 Nakanishi1993Z Nakanishi1995 Nakayam1998 Narlow1995M Natland19732 Natland1974 Natland1982 Natland1982' Natland1990 Natland1993<Naughton1984 Nenbai19929 Nesbitt1992 Nesbitt1994 Nesbitt1998 Neumann1998, Newman1984D Newman19909& Newman19944 Newman19966% Newman199880 Newman1998 Newman2000Niitsuma1989  Nishimura1990 Nishio1998 Noble1999K Nohara1992 Nohda1992 Nolet1991 Normark1989h Noto19901; Notsu1983 Nowack19971 Nowell19999 O'Hearn1996% O'Hearn1998 Obara1995Obayashi1992S Ogawa1997 Ogg19924 Oggin press Ohkura19989 Okada1987 Okamura19913 Okamura1992) Okamura1992P Okino1995 Olson1988 Ono1993 Oshima19933 Ossaka19707! others1998Q Othman1989 Otsuki1989 Oxburgh1977 Ozaki1995 Ozerov20011 Ozima1975. Ozima19777 Ozima1983 P.J.19991 Packer1986n Park1990: Park1991 Park20011 Parkinson1992$ Parkinson19985 Parkinson1998 Parmentier1977 Parsons1977] Party1971 Party1971_ Party1973X Party1975 Party1981 Party1981 Party1982X Party1982Y Party1982^ Party1986Y Party1990Z Party1990\ Party1990mPatchett1984 QPatchett1989 Peacock1990> Peacock1996{ Peacock1999 Peacock2001 Pearce1984 Pearce1992 Pearce19922 Pearce1992j Pearce19933 Pearce1998$ Pearce19989 Pearce19988  Pearce1999 Peate1992 Peate1998p Peters2001rPetersen1890Petersen1890 Peyton2001d Phipps1990 Phipps1995 Pickering1991Pickhorn1992 9 Pickthorn1989' Plank1988O Plank1993 Plank1997  Plank1998y Plank2010 Polet2000u Poreda1985 t Poreda19891 Premoli-Silva1981# Pringle19899 Pringle1989D Pringle1990: Pringle1991J Pringle1992% Pringle1993N Pringle1994 Rangin19877w Rankin1983M Rawson197332 Rawson197440 Rea1983= Reagan1981` Reagan1983\ Reagan1984_ Reagan1987a Reid1995 Renard19877 Revenaugh1991 Reymer1984Reynolds1975 T Ribe1989 Ribe1989Richards1992Richards1993URichards1996Ringwood1969gRobinson1992  Rosendahl1987= Rowbotham1992: Rubenstone1991 Rubin1984 Rudloff2000 Ruppert2000 Russo1994 Russo1996 Ryan1989 B Ryan1993 Ryberg19838` S.19839[ Saboda19903 Sacks1986 Sager1980 Sager1988 Sager1988 Sager1989' Sager1990 Sager19936 Sager1993. Saito19777 Saito1983 Saito19913 Saito1992 Saito1993! Saito1998 Saito1998O Saito1999 Sakai1984h Sakai1990Sakamoto1998 | Salimullah1992 Samowitz1981t Sample1982 Sandwell1993 Sano19980 Sanshadokoro1999( Sato19681ZK@h-!gxRf4;C#1Ҍۑ,~&i.6ڍ]]՘~ͥnJYjs.~X]_qe8!,bw.\;u{-Ʒ_BjA[.ź(d tX4@ѣ:TQ33X72mQ}:Lq xs; VCU=+u K'J ġ9U*wdk7#;O ݬQ u\܄{-*+N$$̎[!)9q,ʶHenO%ZL;U۱A##%Ũ ֪%21Fܨz6MvbYHJF|qTP'iCi=.'U^/Ņ؂)^}~rt˹NĵhG=nAOT;u*]ݒmkU7S>b%fMSUnבqʍ#sE4oUxҤT2k1"@Zh)D)4lύ )i.zIc-ҙJ].#Cɪe ec+jyIw5:5鲃6f\T"|| 76fZįmu4$rF=7r]]j=ۃtSkgl@=ٴ0Ufa]]:v{hXcH}4N#ujRnv+M#pHo$A!ŽBöS!ZpZ lL-4v ۔5[6|n:((6?gv 0UxvҤr!\1D^hY;:Oު[/˅%:"mteyH=x"Vq.O3Lp\ZY^YX X_(]5$n7LJCOzima,M. Kaneoka, I. Saito, K. Honda, M. Yanagisawa, M. Takigami,Y. 1983\USummary of geochronological studies of submarine rocks from the Western Pacific Ocean Hilde, .W.C. Uyeda, S.:4Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian Region Washington D.C. American Geophysical Union137-142x"Packer, B.M. Ingersoll, R.V. 1986Provenance and petrology of Deep Sea Drilling Project sands and sandstones from the Japan and Mariana forearc and backarc regionsSedimentary Geologyh51 5-28*$Park, C.-H. Tamaki, K. Kobayashi, K. 1990hbAge-depth correlation of the Philippine Sea back-arc basins and other marginal basins in the world Tectonophys. 181351-371"Parkinson, I.J. Pearce, J.A. 1998Peridotites from the Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc (ODP Leg 125); evidence for mantle melting and melt-mantle interaction in a supra-subduction zone setting J. Petrol.39 1577-16184-Parkinson, I.J. Hawkesworth, C.J. Cohen, A.S. 1998^XAncient mantle in a modern arc: Osmium isotopes in Izu-Bonin-Mariana forearc peridotitesScience  281d 2011-2013 Parsons, B. Sclater, J.G. 1977TMAn analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age&Journal of Geophysical Research82803-827 Shipboard Scientific Party 1971Site 62 Winterer E.L. et al.60Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Washington, D.C. &U.S. Government Printing Office7 49-322 Shipboard Scientific Party 1971Site 60 60Fischer, A.G. Winterer, E.L. Riedel, W.R. et al.60Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Washington, D.C. &U.S. Government Printing Office 7587-629 Shipboard Scientific Party 1973NGMesozoic chalk and chert on the Pacific plate near Japan: DSDP site 195 (!Heezen B.C. 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Floyd1991= Floyd1992A Floyd1992@ Floyd1992K Floyd1992 Flynn1985 Forsyth1981 Fouch1996 Fouch1998 Fox1984A France-Lanord1992K France-Lanord1992 Franke1996.P Fraser19858 Fraser19878 Frey19828 Fryer1980x Fryer1981 Fryer1982 Fryer1985 Fryer1985 Fryer1987 Fryer1987 Fryer1987C Fryer1990D Fryer1990[ Fryer1990 Fryer1990 Fryer1990 Fryer1991p Fryer1992 Fryer1992 Fryer1992c Fryer1992j Fryer1993n Fryer1993 Fryer1993 Fryer1994 Fryer1995 Fryer1995 Fryer1995 fryer1996 Fryer1996 Fryer1996k Fryer1997 Fryer1997# Fryer1999 Fryer2000Fujimoto19877 Fujioka1983S Fujioka1997 Fujioka1999qFujiwara19999 Fukao1992M Fuller1995 Fullerton1989Furukawa1994t Furuta19878> Futa19848 Gahagan1988 Gallo1984K Galy.1992r Gamble19919 Gamo19989 Garcia1979 Garcia1994  Geschwind1989+ Gill1990 D Gill1990tD Gill1990t3333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ٻڪۈwwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""fXO` <w`ڒXb99@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@8@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@922@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@9@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@  h Abers, G. A.t Abers, G.A.t Agee, C.B.t al., et,F Ambeh, W.B.tAnderson, D.L.H Ando, M. Aramaki, S.̸ Arculus, R.J. Argus, D.D.˸ Arima, M. Baker, D.R.t Bartolini, A. Bebout, G.E.t Beck, S.L.t Benz, H.M.t Bloomer, S.H. Blundy, J.˸ Bowman, J.R.t Brandon, Mt Brenan, J.M.t Brown, G.Brudzinski, M.R.H Buland, R.t Carlson, R.W. Castle, J.C.t Chamley, H.̸ Chan, W. W.t Chen, W.-P.tChristensen, N.J. Collier, J.D. Cosca, M.A.˸ Creager, K.C. Defant, M.J. DeMets, C.˸Drummond, M.S.4 Dunlap, C.̸Dziewonski, A.M.H Engdahl, E.R. Faure, M.Fischer, K. M.H Fischer, K.M.Flanagan, M.P.H Forsyth, D.W. Fouch, M. J.t Franke, M.t Fryer, P. Fujimoto, H. Fujioka, K.̸ Fukao, Y. Furukawa, Y.t Furuta, T.̸ Gamo, T.F Garcia, M.O. Gill, J.B.̸ Gledhill, K.t Gordeev, E.t Gordon, R.G. Grand, S.P.t Green, H.W.t Gribble, R.F. Gu, Y. H., Katao.˸ Hamuro, K.̸Harris, N.B.W.4 Hawkins, J.W.Helffrich, G.R.HHochstaedter, A.G.CX Hole, M. Hotta, H. Houston, H.t Huang, B.S.t Ida, Y.Kf Iidaka, T.t Iiyama, T.̸ Inoue, H. ishii, T. 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Rubin, M. 1984*#Unzipping of the Volcano Arc, Japanr Tectonophys. 102153-174Stern, R.J. Bibee, L.D. 1984\VEsmeralda Bank: Geochemistry of an active submarine volcano in the Mariana Island Arc Contrib. Mineral. Petrol.86159-16960Stern, R.J. Bloomer, S.H. Lin, P.-N. Smoot, N.C. 1989RLSubmarine arc volcanism in the southern Mariana Arc as an ophiolite analogue Tectonophys. 168151-170pXQStern, R.J. Lin, P.-N. Morris, J.D. jackson, M.C. Fryer, P. Bloomer, S.H. Ito, E. 1990|Enriched back-arc basin basalts from the northern Mariana Trough: Implications for the magmatic evolution of back-arc basinsEarth Planet. Sci. Lett. 100q210-22582Stern, R.J. Morris, J. Bloomer, S.H. Hawkins, J.W. 1991The source of the subduction component in convergent margin magmas: Trace element and radiogenic isotope evidence from Eocene boninites, Mariana forearcGeochim. Cosmochim. Acta55 1467-1481 Stern, R.J. 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Lett. 121293-325s , %Most variations in composition among primitive basalts from the Mariana back-arc trough can be explained by melting mixtures of an NMORB-type mantle source and an H (sub 2) O-rich component, provided the degree of melting is positively and approximatelylinearly correlated with the proportion of the H (sub 2) O-rich component in the mixture. We conclude that the degrees of melting by which Mariana trough magmas are generated increase from magmas similar to NMORB, through more H (sub 2) O-enriched basalts, to "arc-like" basalts, and that this increase is due to the lowering of the solidus of mantle peridotite that accompanies addition of the H (sub2) O-rich component. The H (sub 2) O-rich component is likely to be ultimately derived from fluid from a subducting slab, but we propose that by the time fluids reach the source regions of Mariana trough basalts, they have interacted with sufficient mantle material that for all but the most incompatible of elements (with respect to fluid-mantle interaction), they are in equilibrium with the mantle. In contrast, fluids added to the source regions of Mariana island-arc magmas have typically interacted with less mantle and thus retain the signature of slab-derived fluids to varying degrees for all but the most compatible elements. Primitive Mariana arc basalts can be generated by melting mixtures of such incompletely exchanged slab-derived fluids and sources similar to NMORB-type mantle sources, but the degrees of melting are typically higher than those of Mariana trough NMORB and the sources have been variably depleted relative to the back-arc sources by previous melt extraction. This depletion may be related to earlier extraction of back-arc basin magmas or may evolve by repeated fluxing of the sources as fluid is continually added to them in the regions of arc magma generation. If fluid with partitioning behavior relative to the solid mantle similar to that deduced for the H (sub 2) O-rich component involved in the generation of Mariana trough basalts were extracted from primitive mantle, the residual mantle would have many of the minor and trace element characteristics of typical oceanic upper mantle; primitive mantle enriched in such fluid would be a satisfactory source for the continental crust in terms of its trace and minor element chemical composition. Straub, S.M. 1997HBMultiple sources of Quaternary tephra layers in the Mariana Trough4.Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research76251-2766/Stben, D. Neumann, T. Taibi, N.E. Glasby, G.P. 1998F?Segmentation of the southern Mariana back-arc spreading centerThe Island Arc7d513-5245<5Sun, C.H. 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